Abstract

Since 2014, cases of mob lynching against Muslims have surged in India, especially over allegations of cow slaughter. Data from IndiaSpend shows that over 90% of cow-related lynchings between 2010 and 2017 occurred after 2014, with most victims being Muslim men.The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019, passed by the Modi-led government, explicitly excludes Muslims from its provisions by offering citizenship only to non-Muslim refugees from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. This violates India's secular constitutional values and has been criticized by Amnesty International and the UN.The National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam excluded nearly 1.9 million residents—many of them Muslims—due to their inability to produce decades-old documentation. Critics argue this move disproportionately targeted poor Muslim