Abstract

Introduction:

The history of African Americans in the United States is marked by profound systemic injustices, from the era of chattel slavery to contemporary disparities in criminal justice, healthcare, education, and socioeconomic outcomes. These injustices are not merely historical artifacts but persist through institutional biases, as evidenced by empirical data from demographic studies, health reports, and criminal justice statistics. This analysis examines the evolution of these issues, drawing on verifiable sources such as census data, peer-reviewed research, and governmental reports to provide a logical, evidence-based overview. By highlighting quantifiable disparities and key historical events, it underscores the need for structural reforms to address ongoing racial inequities.